The Effects of Climate Signals on Freshwater Delivery to Coastal Georgia, U.S.A.
Freshwater delivery is an important factor determining salinity in the LTER Georgia Coastal Ecosystem (GCE) site. Variability in freshwater delivery was examined in relation to various climate indices: the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Bermuda High Index (BHI). Monthly standardized anomalies of river discharge and climate indices were compared with multi-decadal time series of Altamaha watershed precipitation at 7-13 stations using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to describe the precipitation patterns. The first EOF mode (65% of the variance) was spatially uniform with temporal variability at the monthly scale. The second mode (11% of the variance) showed a spatial gradient along the long axis of the watershed (NW-SE) whereas the third mode (6% of the variance) showed an onshore-offshore pattern with higher variability during June-September. There were no consistent relationships between NAO and precipitation. The SOI shows correlations with discharge and weak correlations with modes 1 and 2 of the precipitation. The BHI is correlated with May-January discharge with a 0-1 month lag, and is also strongly correlated with EOF mode 1 of precipitation. The occurrence of tropical storms in the region is also strongly related to the BHI, but not the SOI.